Experiment 8: concave and convex mirrors

Experiment 7: Introduction to Reflection and Refraction

Experiment 6: Electromagnetic Radiation

Experiment 5: Introduction to Sound

Experiment 4: Standing Waves

Objective:
To make different nodes and oberve the difference for standing waves on a string.


Equipment:

 

 

 

Pasco variable frequency wave driver
String
Pasco student function generator
Weight set (grams)
Pendulim clamp
Pulley
Digital Multimeter
Meter stick

Procedure: We took measurements mass, and length of the string. We then took measurements of harmonics. We got different levels of harmonics from changing the frequency of the function generator. We did this in two different cases. When doing the second case it is one-fourth the original tension.

Data:

 

 

 

Experiment 2: Fluid Dynamics

Procedure: Refer to lab manual for procedure.Data:

 

Theoretical time was 14.3 s, and an error table of each run is shown below.


 

According to the measured data, they are within uncertainty except for the 6th run.

 

 

Conclusion:

 

All data was within certainty except for the last run. The percent error for the drill bit was 0.057%.

Experiment 1: Fluid Statics

Experiment 1: Fluid Statics

In this experiment we used three different ways to find the buoyant force.

A.) The underwater weighing method

 

We first draw a free body diagram

 

Calculations using buoyant force expressions:

 

B_F = mg - T

Then we found the force (mg) of the metal cylinder which had a reading of 1.102N

Next we Submerged the cylinder in water for the tension which turned out to be 0.742N

Using the buoyant force expression above:

B_F = 1.102-.742= 0.360N

 

B) Displaced Fluid Method

The mass of the dry beaker= 0.14016 kg

We then used a graduated cylinder, filled it with water to the very top, and then the graduated cylinder was placed inside the beaker. Then the metal cylinder was then placed inside the graduated cylinder and it caused the water to over flow into the beaker.

The mass of the beaker and the water= 0.17790kg

Water mass measured to be 0.17790-0.14016= 0.03774kg

(water mass) X (gravity) = Buoyant Force

.03774 kg X 9.8 (m/s^2) = .370N

C) Volume of Object Method

 

The Volume of the cylinder is V = Pi*((d/2)^2)h

d = diameter                                                                                                                                              h = height.

When using a vernier caliper we got the following values

h = 0.076m; d = 0.0253m 

V= 3.82 X 10^-5 m^3

Expression for the weight of the displaced water

W_F = ρ*V*g

ρ = density of water

V = volume of the cylinder

g = gravity

W_F = 1000 kg/m^3 X 0.0000382 m^3 X 9.8 m/s^2 = 0.374N

1.) Uncertainty and error analysis

 

2) Because of the value of uncertainty, the second method is the most precise. This is where we used the balance in the lab, and it is more accurate than the force sensor and caliper. The displacement method doesn’t have much error.

3) When the metal cylinder is touching the bottom of the beaker in the first part, the buoyant force would have been minimized. The cylinder would have a normal force pointing up caused by the beaker. The smaller buoyant force balance's out the weight of the cylinder.